Serum Level of Vitamin K as Predicts Mortality in Iraqi COVID-19 Patients

Authors

  • Haneen Saeed Muhsen Al-Mosawei Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq
  • Hanaa Addai Ali Al-Sultani Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq.
  • Fadhil Jawad Al-Tu’ma Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22317/imj.v8i1.1273

Keywords:

COVID-19, Vitamin K, Severity, Mortality.

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of the presented study is to evaluate the discriminative ability of vitamin K markers for predicting, monitoring, and a prognosis of severity patients of Covid -19 .

Methods: In this case-control study, a maximum of sixty patients (30–50 years old) were included. The patients' diagnoses were made using quantitative RT-PCR and a chest X-ray or CT scan performed seven to thirteen days after the onset of symptoms. Murray ratings were utilized to categorize COVID-19 patients based on the severity of their illness. (60) individuals of the same age and gender who appeared to be in good health were included in this study as a control group in order to compare the outcomes. The measurement of serum vitamin K was applied to all patients and healthy individuals.

Results: The group of COVID-19 patients had a lower serum vitamin K level (612.32 ± 106.76 vs. 1198.95 ± 151.59 ng/ml, p = 0.0001) than the healthy control group. Furthermore, we discovered a negative correlation between serum vitamin K levels and COVID-19.

Conclusion: The current findings showed that, when compared to healthy controls, patients with COVID-19 had decreased vitamin K levels, particularly in severe cases. These low levels suggest that COVID-19 patients may be more likely to die. These results imply that vitamin K may be involved in the COVID-19 disease processes.

References

Esposito, L., Cancro, F. P., Silverio, A., Di Maio, M., Iannece, P., Damato, A., ... & Galasso, G. (2021). COVID-19 and acute coronary syndromes: from pathophysiology to clinical perspectives. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2021.

Abdelhafiz, A. S., Fouad, M. A., Sayed-Ahmed, M. M., Kamel, M. M., Ali, A., Fouda, M., ... & Kamal, L. M. (2021). Upregulation of FOXP3 is associated with severity of hypoxia and poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Virology, 563, 74–81.

Getachew, A., Teshome, A., & Demissie, T. (2023). Assessment of ‘Kiremt’2023 Climate and Climate Outlook of the Upcoming ‘Bega’2023/24.

Ekholm, M., & Kahan, T. (2021). The impact of the renin-angiotensinaldosterone system on inflammation, coagulation, and atherothrombotic complications, and to aggravated COVID-19. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 640185.

Ivascu, L., Sarfraz, M., Mohsin, M., Naseem, S., & Ozturk, I. (2021). The causes of occupational accidents and injuries in Romanian firms: an application of the Johansen cointegration and Granger causality test. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(14), 7634.

Coperchini, F., Chiovato, L., Croce, L., Magri, F., & Rotondi, M. (2020). The cytokine storm in COVID-19: An overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system. Cytokine & growth factor reviews, 53, 25–32.

Rather, M. A., Sharma, R., Aklakur, M., Ahmad, S., Kumar, N., Khan, M., & Ramya, V. L. (2011). Nanotechnology: a novel tool for aquaculture and fisheries development. A prospective mini-review. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal, 16(1–5), 3.

Zaim, S., Chong, J. H., Sankaranarayanan, V., & Harky, A. (2020). COVID-19 and multiorgan response. Current problems in cardiology, 45(8), 100618.

Zhu, Z., Lian, X., Su, X., Wu, W., Marraro, G. A., & Zeng, Y. (2020). From SARS and MERS to COVID-19: a brief summary and comparison of severe acute respiratory infections caused by three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses. Respiratory research, 21, 1–14.

Guan, W. J., Ni, Z. Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W. H., Ou, C. Q., He, J. X., ... & Zhong, N. S. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China. MedRxiv.

Rabaan, A. A., Al-Ahmed, S. H., Muhammad, J., Khan, A., Sule, A. A., Tirupathi, R., ... & Dhama, K. (2021). Role of inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19 patients: a review on molecular mechanisms, immune functions, immunopathology and immunomodulatory drugs to counter cytokine storm. Vaccines, 9(5), 436.

Branchett, W. J., & Lloyd, C. M. (2019). Regulatory cytokine function in the respiratory tract. Mucosal immunology, 12(3), 589–600.

Hussman, J. P. (2020). Cellular and molecular pathways of COVID-19 and potential points of therapeutic intervention. Frontiers in pharmacology, 11, 565985.

Sagris, D., Papanikolaou, A., Kvernland, A., Korompoki, E., Frontera, J. A., Troxel, A. B., ... & Ntaios, G. (2021). COVID‐19 and ischemic stroke. European journal of neurology, 28(11), 3826–3836.

Abdelhafiz, A. S., Abd ElHafeez, S., Khalil, M. A., Shahrouri, M., Alosaimi, B., Salem, R. O., ... & Ahram, M. (2021). Factors influencing participation in COVID-19 clinical trials: a multi-national study. Frontiers in Medicine, 8, 608959.

Neerukonda, S. N., & Katneni, U. (2020). A review on SARS-CoV-2 virology, pathophysiology, animal models, and anti-viral interventions. Pathogens, 9(6), 426.

Iba, T., Arakawa, M., Di Nisio, M., Gando, S., Anan, H., Sato, K., ... & Thachil, J. (2020). Newly proposed sepsis-induced coagulopathy precedes international society on thrombosis and haemostasis overt-disseminated intravascular coagulation and predicts high mortality. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, 35(7), 643–649.

Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., ... & Zhang, L. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The lancet, 395(10223), 507–513.

Zeng, H., Pappas, C., Belser, J. A., Houser, K. V., Zhong, W., Wadford, D. A., ... & Tumpey, T. M. (2012). Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells support productive replication of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses: possible involvement in the pathogenesis of human H5N1 virus infection. Journal of virology, 86(2), 667–678.

Levi, M., Toh, C. H., Thachil, J., & Watson, H. G. (2009). Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. British journal of haematology, 145(1), 24–33.

Norooznezhad, A. H., & Mansouri, K. (2021). Endothelial cell dysfunction, coagulation, and angiogenesis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Microvascular research, 137, 104188.

Enjeti, A. K. (2018). Investigating the role of microparticles/microvesicles/extracellular vesicles in vascular biology, haemostasis and haemopoietic dysregulation. Blood Cells Mol Dis, 74.

Kudelko, M., Yip, T. F., Hei Law, G. C., & Lee, S. M. Y. (2021). Potential beneficial effects of vitamin K in SARS-CoV-2 induced vascular disease?. Immuno, 1(1), 17–29.

Ooi, K. B., Lee, V. H., Tan, G. W. H., Hew, T. S., & Hew, J. J. (2018). Cloud computing in manufacturing: The next industrial revolution in Malaysia?. Expert Systems with Applications, 93, 376–394.

Wang, S., Kang, B., Ma, J., Zeng, X., Xiao, M., Guo, J., ... & Xu, B. (2021). A deep learning algorithm using CT images to screen for Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19). European radiology, 31, 6096–6104.

Ohsaki, Y., Shirakawa, H., Miura, A., Giriwono, P. E., Sato, S., Ohashi, A., ... & Komai, M. (2010). Vitamin K suppresses the lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines in cultured macrophage-like cells via the inhibition of the activation of nuclear factor κB through the repression of IKKα/β phosphorylation. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry, 21(11), 1120–1126.

Kieronska-Rudek, A., Kij, A., Kaczara, P., Tworzydlo, A., Napiorkowski, M., Sidoryk, K., & Chlopicki, S. (2021). Exogenous vitamins K exert anti-inflammatory effects dissociated from their role as substrates for synthesis of endogenous MK-4 in murine macrophages cell line. Cells, 10(7), 1571.

Desai, A. K., Betz, Y., & Abbate, A. (2024). Navigating the Uncertainty: A New Score to Guide TAVR in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease. American Journal of Cardiology, 211, 365–366.

Desai, A. P., Dirajlal-Fargo, S., Durieux, J. C., Tribout, H., Labbato, D., & McComsey, G. A. (2021, October). Vitamin K & D deficiencies are independently associated with COVID-19 disease severity. In Open Forum Infectious Diseases (Vol. 8, No. 10, p. ofab408). US: Oxford University Press.

Awad-Núñez, S., Julio, R., Gomez, J., Moya-Gómez, B., & González, J. S. (2021). Post-COVID-19 travel behaviour patterns: impact on the willingness to pay of users of public transport and shared mobility services in Spain. European Transport Research Review, 13, 1–18.

Linneberg, A., Kampmann, F. B., Israelsen, S. B., Andersen, L. R., Jørgensen, H. L., Sandholt, H., ... & Benfield, T. (2021). The association of low vitamin K status with mortality in a cohort of 138 hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Nutrients, 13(6), 1985.

Eman, A., Balaban, O., Süner, K. Ö., Cırdı, Y., Şahin, F., Demir, G., ... & Erdem, A. F. (2022). The effect of low-dose and high-dose low-molecular-weightheparin and aspirin thromboprophylaxis on clinical outcome and mortality in critical ill patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study. Saudi medical journal, 43(7), 715.

Turshudzhyan, A. (2020). Anticoagulation options for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced coagulopathy. Cureus, 12(5).

Volteas, P., Drakos, P., Alkadaa, L. N., Cleri, N. A., Asencio, A. A., Oganov, A., ... & Bannazadeh, M. (2022). Low-molecular-weight heparin compared with unfractionated heparin in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders, 10(5), 1128–1136.

Chighizola, C. B., Raimondo, M. G., & Meroni, P. L. (2018, July). Management of thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome. In Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis (Vol. 44, No. 05, pp. 419-426). Thieme Medical Publishers.

Gurbel, P. A., & Tantry, U. S. (2014). Antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents in heart failure: current status and future perspectives. JACC: Heart Failure, 2(1), 1–14. 37. Kaur, R., & Singh, R. (2022). Mechanistic insights into CKD-MBD-related vascular calcification and its clinical implications. Life Sciences, 311, 121148.

Downloads

Published

2024-03-27

How to Cite

1.
Al-Mosawei HSM, Al-Sultani HAA, Al-Tu’ma FJ. Serum Level of Vitamin K as Predicts Mortality in Iraqi COVID-19 Patients. Iraq Med J [Internet]. 2024 Mar. 27 [cited 2024 Nov. 25];8(1). Available from: https://mail.iraqmedj.org/index.php/imj/article/view/1273